And the HSC Chemistry Booklet. (KISS)
Sunday, February 13, 2011
Ethanol's Potential as an Alternative Fuel.
As explained in the last post, ethanol as an alternative fuel is currently available in some parts of the world in small concentrations when mixed with ordinary petrol (roughly 10-15 percent). But what if we were to expand the use of ethanol to a much larger scale? What advantages and disadvantages would present themselves to us and society as a whole? This is going to be the main topic of today's post.
When governments and societies debate the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel, they usually argue about three important things that will in the long term (and sometimes the short) affect them if the wrong choice is made. These are : Energy Balance(Fuel Efficiency, Miles to the Gallon e.c.t), Economics, and Environmental impacts.
The most advantageous use of ethanol as a fuel would be the fact that its greenhouse gas emissions are much much lower than that of petrol. According to the U.S environmental protection agency (EPA), each gallon of petrol produces approximately 8.8 kilograms of Carbon Dioxide (where one gallon is equal to about 3.7 litres). Studies at Argonne National Laboratory of the university of Chicago have shown that the use of cellulosic ethanol may reduce greenhouse gas emissions by a whopping 85 percent. This, in comparison to petrol, shows that ethanol burns much cleaner, leading to a reduction in the amount of harmful gases being released into our atmosphere.
Another advantage to using ethanol as fuel is the fact that it is completely renewable when made from various biomass, mostly corn, starch and grain crops. Another advantage to the renewablility of ethanol is the fact that the plants grown will be domestic. When a country needs a product imported from another country, lets say oil in this case, it means that the country is relying on the producer for that oil. The producer, can increase prices according to demand, introduce taxes and force the buyer to trade something of theirs in return for the oil. This domestically grown crop, means that people will be able to buy ethanol-fuel that is home grown. Home grown fuel means, cheaper prices since they wont be buying something that is produced abroad, cutting export costs, taxes and tariffs.
As everything comes in pairs, we all know that with advantages, come disadvantages. These disadvantages have been heavily debated as whether they will affect us in the long run or not.
One of the most serious disadvantages of using ethanol as fuel, is the energy balance in its production. In simpler terms, this means the amount of energy used to make the ethanol compared to the amount of energy the finished product (Ethanol in this case) contains. In an article about the negative effects of ethanol as a fuel, it was shown that the amount of energy needed to produce the ethanol actually surpassed the amount of energy that the ethanol contained. To be exact, the production of ethanol per gallon needed 29 percent more energy than the it actually contained, and this was disregarding the energy needed to distribute and transport the ethanol. In the 1980's, Brazil attempted to totally switch to ethanol fuel for their cars but this resulted in an economic failure that was catastrophic. At the time, the Brazilian government was selling the ethanol fuel for 85 cents a gallon when it costs 125 cents a gallon to make. Because of this the government had to abandon the subsidies for growing crops used for ethanol production. Without the subsidy, producers stopped producing these crops as they could no longer make a profit from them.The link below shows the exact amounts of energy produced along with tables to compare energy input and output.
When governments and societies debate the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel, they usually argue about three important things that will in the long term (and sometimes the short) affect them if the wrong choice is made. These are : Energy Balance(Fuel Efficiency, Miles to the Gallon e.c.t), Economics, and Environmental impacts.
The most advantageous use of ethanol as a fuel would be the fact that its greenhouse gas emissions are much much lower than that of petrol. According to the U.S environmental protection agency (EPA), each gallon of petrol produces approximately 8.8 kilograms of Carbon Dioxide (where one gallon is equal to about 3.7 litres). Studies at Argonne National Laboratory of the university of Chicago have shown that the use of cellulosic ethanol may reduce greenhouse gas emissions by a whopping 85 percent. This, in comparison to petrol, shows that ethanol burns much cleaner, leading to a reduction in the amount of harmful gases being released into our atmosphere.Another advantage to using ethanol as fuel is the fact that it is completely renewable when made from various biomass, mostly corn, starch and grain crops. Another advantage to the renewablility of ethanol is the fact that the plants grown will be domestic. When a country needs a product imported from another country, lets say oil in this case, it means that the country is relying on the producer for that oil. The producer, can increase prices according to demand, introduce taxes and force the buyer to trade something of theirs in return for the oil. This domestically grown crop, means that people will be able to buy ethanol-fuel that is home grown. Home grown fuel means, cheaper prices since they wont be buying something that is produced abroad, cutting export costs, taxes and tariffs.
As everything comes in pairs, we all know that with advantages, come disadvantages. These disadvantages have been heavily debated as whether they will affect us in the long run or not.
One of the most serious disadvantages of using ethanol as fuel, is the energy balance in its production. In simpler terms, this means the amount of energy used to make the ethanol compared to the amount of energy the finished product (Ethanol in this case) contains. In an article about the negative effects of ethanol as a fuel, it was shown that the amount of energy needed to produce the ethanol actually surpassed the amount of energy that the ethanol contained. To be exact, the production of ethanol per gallon needed 29 percent more energy than the it actually contained, and this was disregarding the energy needed to distribute and transport the ethanol. In the 1980's, Brazil attempted to totally switch to ethanol fuel for their cars but this resulted in an economic failure that was catastrophic. At the time, the Brazilian government was selling the ethanol fuel for 85 cents a gallon when it costs 125 cents a gallon to make. Because of this the government had to abandon the subsidies for growing crops used for ethanol production. Without the subsidy, producers stopped producing these crops as they could no longer make a profit from them.The link below shows the exact amounts of energy produced along with tables to compare energy input and output.Another disadvantage that could seriously jeopardise the expansion of ethanol as fuel is its fuel efficiency in cars. Many people who use E85 ( That is a fuel of 85 percent ethanol to 15 percent petrol) have noticed that their mileage on their cars has reduced since switching to Ethanol fuel. When using E10 a person will experience, 3-4 percent fewer miles to the gallon and people using E85 will experience a massive 25-30 percent drop in miles to the gallon then when using straight out gasoline. This means that the fuel is not efficient and is actually costing you money every time you go and fill up the tank. Because the ethanol fuel has lower mileage, meaning it doesn't get your car as far per gallon of ethanol, this means that you have to fill up your gas tank more often to get to the places that you need to go. This all means, that in the long run, switching to ethanol based fuel, will actually cost you money !
Below is a video of a newscast showing an example of a person who switched to ethanol based fuel and since then has experienced and actually shown that his mileage has dropped, effectively costing him money.
Many advantages and disadvantages exist when debating the future use of ethanol as a fuel. I believe that to have ethanol as an alternative fuel source that is efficient, economical and environmentally stable many improvements and and technologies must be developed. For example, until we can find ways of making ethanol production more energy efficient many farmers will not raise the necessary crop needed for its production.
This has been another blog by Youshaa Ghanem, reporting for the Science Weekly Website. Thank you all for reading and log back in next week to view my blog on space travel and the opportunities it presents.
Is hell Exo or Endothermic. Click here to find out :D
Is hell Exo or Endothermic. Click here to find out :D
Tuesday, February 8, 2011
Our Current Uses of Ethanol
The technology to add Ethanol to petrol as a mixture has been around for many years in the petrochemical and automobile industry. Currently Ethanol is being used as a fuel in many products including lawnmowers and the latest cars, but petrol is still the major fuel for many engines in today’s society as it is cheaper to produce and buy.
Although, when Ethanol is mixed with petrol as a fuel for cars, it takes the role as a kind of fuel extender that not only helps to conserve petrol but to help reduce green-house emissions. With existing technology, ethanol can be mixed with petrol to about twenty percent without needing any modifications of the car’s engine or the design.Governments all over the world have encouraged the use of petrol mixed with Ethanol as a fuel alternative for cars. In the Australia, petrol with a ten percent yield of Ethanol, more commonly known as 10-Ethanol petrol, is now common at most fuel outlets. Another plus to our current usage of mixed petrol is that the ethanol used is completely renewable when made from various biomass (mainly corn and grain crops).
But as always, if it looks too good to be true, than it probably is. Many arguments are being made against the use of ethanol as an alternative fuel, claiming the negative side effects of its production. One of the main side effects of our current usage of ethanol as a fuel comes in the form of food. As explained in the first blog post, corn and grain crops are used in the process for making renewable ethanol. Many farmers and agricultural workers are turning to raise these crops instead of what they usually grow. Because of this, other crops that they usually grow drop in production therefore raising their price to everyone else.Morals and ethics also come into play during the production of ethanol and henceforth its use as an alternative fuel. Since the materials used to make ethanol are also used for food for humans, many issues are raised to whether these crops can be put to better use. Many people live in poverty and have scarce access to food sources. The crops used in the production of ethanol could instead be used to help provide food to those who need it most.
In today's society, the current usage of ethanol as a fuel is most commonly seen as a positive change towards living in a green society. Although most people who are not chemical and petro-chemical engineers do not know about the negative side effects, I still believe that our current usage of ethanol as a fuel is the first step in making the society we live in more economically stable as well as a lot more greener.
Thursday, January 27, 2011
Introduction to Ethanol and its Production
Ethanol, in the past months has become a major issue of discussion among scientists and governments for many reasons. In the blog posts to come I will be talking about ethanol, its production, uses and potential advantages and disadvantages to using as ethanol as an alternative fuel source in cars.
Most of the ethanol we use to day is made through the industrial process. It is made my adding a water molecule to an ethylene molecule. Ethylene is an alkane produced from the distillation of crude oil. Crude oil is the base liquid for many of the things we use to maintain a normal lifestyle, these include: plastics, fuel for cars buses and planes, lubricants, kerosene and many other products. There is only problem with crude oil; it is a non-renewable resource. Crude oil is made over millions of years through the fossilisation of dead organic matter. Once we have used all crude oil, there will be no way to produce petrol for cars and make plastics for bags. This is one of the main reasons an alternative fuel source for cars is needed. Scientists have found this alternative fuel source in the form of ethanol.
Their are two names for ethanol depending on the process through which they were made. These are conventional ethanol and cellulosic ethanol. The latter is the process though which I'll be explaining the production of ethanol.
Cellulosic ethanol is the ethanol produced from a wide variety of different biomasses through chemical processes. This process starts with cellulose. Cellulose is a condensation polymer, meaning that it is made up thousands of individual molecules, in this case, a simple sugar called glucose. From glucose we are able to produce ethanol. To get from glucose to ethanol, a process called fermentation is used. Fermentation is used in many industries, from the biochemical to the tea industry. This process involves the use of yeast and/or different bacteria to transform a sugar into an alcohol. The overall chemistry of fermentation is fairly simple but the actual process is very complicated needing a different enzyme for each step. Here is a simple chemical equation of the fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol with Carbon dioxide as a by product, along with a link to website that explains the many different types of fermentation and its uses.
Glucose ----------> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
Yeast catalyst
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fermentation.htm
The only problem with Cellulosic Ethanol is that scientists have not yet found a simple, efficient and economical way to break down cellulose into its individual molecules of glucose.
Ethanol can now be used as an alternative fuel for cars but i will talk more about that in the next blog post. Ethylene which is the raw material for plastic and and other manufacturing can then be gained through the dehydration process of ethanol. This involves a catalyst (usually concentrated sulphuric acid) and involves removing a water molecule from the ethanol molecule. The chemical equation of the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene is shown below.
Ethanol ----------> Ethylene + Water
Conc. Sulfuric acid
CH3CH2OH(l) → C2H4(g) + H2O(g)
 |
| Products made from crude oil. |
Their are two names for ethanol depending on the process through which they were made. These are conventional ethanol and cellulosic ethanol. The latter is the process though which I'll be explaining the production of ethanol.
 |
| A flowchart of the production of ethanol from 3 different processes. |
Cellulosic ethanol is the ethanol produced from a wide variety of different biomasses through chemical processes. This process starts with cellulose. Cellulose is a condensation polymer, meaning that it is made up thousands of individual molecules, in this case, a simple sugar called glucose. From glucose we are able to produce ethanol. To get from glucose to ethanol, a process called fermentation is used. Fermentation is used in many industries, from the biochemical to the tea industry. This process involves the use of yeast and/or different bacteria to transform a sugar into an alcohol. The overall chemistry of fermentation is fairly simple but the actual process is very complicated needing a different enzyme for each step. Here is a simple chemical equation of the fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol with Carbon dioxide as a by product, along with a link to website that explains the many different types of fermentation and its uses.
Glucose ----------> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
Yeast catalyst
C6H12O6 → 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fermentation.htm
The only problem with Cellulosic Ethanol is that scientists have not yet found a simple, efficient and economical way to break down cellulose into its individual molecules of glucose.
Ethanol can now be used as an alternative fuel for cars but i will talk more about that in the next blog post. Ethylene which is the raw material for plastic and and other manufacturing can then be gained through the dehydration process of ethanol. This involves a catalyst (usually concentrated sulphuric acid) and involves removing a water molecule from the ethanol molecule. The chemical equation of the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene is shown below.
Ethanol ----------> Ethylene + Water
Conc. Sulfuric acid
CH3CH2OH(l) → C2H4(g) + H2O(g)
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